Black mold
Aspergillus niger
What is Black mold (Aspergillus niger)?
Aspergillus niger is a fungus found worldwide in soil, decaying vegetation, and as a post-harvest pathogen. It can cause various diseases in plants, including black mold (or black rot) of onions and garlic, and various other plants such as peanuts, table grapes, yams, Dracaena, cherry, maize, grapes, bananas, tomatoes, cotton, Sansevieria, and mango. It thrives in hot and humid conditions, often associated with irrigation practices. Symptoms vary depending on the host but can include water-soaked areas, black spore masses, soft and watery decay, root curling, vine cankers, premature fall colors, and discoloration of crops.
How does Black mold (Aspergillus niger) occur?
Aspergillus niger reproduces primarily in its asexual state, releasing conidia (spores) that are dispersed through the air, soil, and water. Conidia germinate and form hyphae, which colonize the substrate. Aerial hyphae emerge, producing conidiophores (stalks) and conidial heads that generate new conidia. Sexual reproduction can also occur but is less common. The fungus typically lives as a saprophyte on decaying matter and can become a post-harvest pathogen. Infection in plants is favored by hot, humid conditions and irrigation practices such as buried drip lines.
Symptoms
1 - Impacts on Plants
Aspergillus niger can have negative effects on plants. It can cause post-harvest decay in various crops, resulting in quality deterioration and discoloration. This can lead to significant losses in crop value and marketability.
2 - Soil and Environment
• Aspergillus niger is ubiquitous in soils, plant litter, seeds, dried fruit, and nuts. It exhibits saprophytic growth on decaying matter in soil and compost. • Moreover, it poses a potential risk of contamination in indoor environments. Its presence can cause discoloration, quality deterioration, and decreased commercial value of crops.
3 - Human Health
• In rare cases, Aspergillus niger can cause aspergillosis, primarily in immunocompromised individuals. It predominantly affects people with compromised immune systems. • Susceptible individuals may experience allergic reactions and respiratory problems when exposed to this fungus.
Solutions
1 - Prevention Measures
• Proper sanitation practices, including regular cleaning and removal of decaying organic matter. • Implementing good agricultural practices like crop rotation and proper irrigation techniques. • Ensuring proper storage and handling of harvested crops. • Maintaining adequate ventilation and humidity control in indoor environments.
2 - Fungicides for Treatment
• While chemical controls are generally not recommended for Aspergillus niger, some fungicides have shown efficacy in reducing mycelial growth and controlling certain diseases caused by the fungus. • Examples of fungicides that may be used include Thiabendazole, Fludioxonil, Azoxystrobin, Carbendazim and Imazalil. Note: It is crucial to consult with local extension specialists or agricultural experts for guidance on legal and effective fungicide products available in your region
Susceptible Species
FAQ
Do shade growing plants need any Sunlight?
Shade growing plants do need sunlight, although they require less than other plants. They need some direct sunlight each morning to help them photosynthesize and grow properly. Also, indirect sunlight throughout the day helps them stay healthy. Shade growing plants will benefit from the sunshine, but if they get too much or too little, then they can suffer the consequences. It's important to pay attention to the needs of your plants so that you can provide them with the proper light for optimal growth.
How often should you water indoor plants?
Indoor plants should be watered when the soil feels dry to a depth of about two inches, usually about once a week. A helpful technique to determine your plants' watering needs is to feel the soil before and after watering to get a sense of how long it takes to dry out. An important note to remember is that some plants require less water than others, and it's best to research the specific needs of your individual plants. Likewise, if your home is very dry, you might need to water more often as the lack of moisture can stress the plants and lead to problems like brown leaves and wilted stems.
Can my monstera plant get root rot?
Yes, a plant can get root rot. Root rot is a fungal disease that can be caused by over-watering, poor soil drainage, or high humidity levels in the air. Signs of root rot include yellowing leaves, wilting and stunted growth, and damaged or browning root systems. Sometimes it is difficult to detect root rot until the plant is removed from the soil, as the problems are mainly below the soil surface. Treating root rot usually involves removing the affected parts of the plant and replanting the unaffected ones.
Can I put my Monstera outside in summer?
No, you should not put your Monstera outside in summer. Monstera plants need warm, humid air to thrive, and direct sunlight can scorch their leaves. Instead, put your Monstera in a bright, sunny spot with indirect light, making sure the sun never directly hits the leaves. During the summer, keep your Monstera's soil damp and mist it occasionally to keep the leaves hydrated. At nighttime, keep the temperature around 16 - 21°C (60 - 70°F). You can definitely take your Monstera outdoors for short periods of time, just make sure to bring it back in if it starts to get too hot.
What happens if my monstera plant gets too cold?
If your monstera plant gets too cold, it will become vulnerable to pests, disease, or other damage. Cold temperatures can damage the leaves of the plant, causing them to become spotted or limp. The roots of monstera plants may also suffer in cold temperatures, leading to root rot or other diseases. Belonging to the tropical family, monsteras are used to warm environments and do not do well in cold temperatures, so it is important to ensure your plant is kept in conditions that suit their needs.
Is it possible to grow a vegetable garden in a small space?
Yes, it is possible to grow a vegetable garden in a small space. Gardening in a small space can be as simple as growing a few containerized plants in pots and raised beds, or as elaborate as vertically stacking planters, hanging pouches, and hanging baskets on a wall, railing, or fence. Regardless of the size of the space you are working with, some simple techniques such as companion planting, organic fertilizers, and water conservation can help you get the most out of your small vegetable garden.
Is peppermint herb green good for digestion?
Peppermint herb is indeed beneficial for digestion. The flavonoids in the herb support digestion by reducing inflammation in the digestive track, aiding in digestion and relieving indigestion, heartburn, and even the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Additionally, peppermint is naturally rich in menthol, which helps to relax the muscles of the stomach, aiding in the digestion of food. Peppermint herb can be consumed in a variety of forms, such as teas, tinctures and capsules, as well as by adding the herb to food or directly to water or tea.
Should peppermint herb green be consumed daily?
No, peppermint herb green should not be consumed daily. This is because it contains high levels of menthol, which can be toxic if taken in large doses. Additionally, consuming large amounts of peppermint herb green could interfere with the absorption of essential minerals and vitamins, potentially causing vitamin deficiencies. For these reasons, it is best to consult with a doctor before incorporating peppermint herb green into your daily diet.
