Pest & Disease Downy mildew

Downy mildew

Peronospora sparsa

What is Downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa)?

Peronospora sparsa is a plant pathogen belonging to the group of Oomycetes causing highly destructive diseases like downy mildew. These fungal infections can also affect other closely related Rubus species, such as blackberry, raspberry, and boysenberry. blackberries, and raspberries. It primarily infects leaves but can also affect stems and fruits. Symptoms include yellow lesions on upper leaf surfaces turning brown, accompanied by fluffy growth on the underside due to pathogen sporulation.

How does Downy mildew (Peronospora sparsa occur)?

Peronospora sparsa survives as oospores and forms sporangia that produce zoospores. Germination requires water. Pathogens enter plants through stomata or by penetrating the surface. They create haustoria to extract nutrients. Fluffy symptoms appear on leaf undersides. Pathogens spread through air, water, and tools, with some seed transmission. The optimum temperature for germination, infection, and spore production is around 10-20°C. Overwintering oospores develop late in the season, found in soil or on living host plants.

Symptoms

1 - Effect on Plants

1. Downy mildew can weaken plants, leading to reduced growth and overall vigor. 2. Infected plants can impact photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. 3. Severe infections can cause premature leaf drop, leading to reduced plant health and productivity. 4. Downy mildew can significantly reduce crop yields, affecting agricultural production and economic outcomes.

2 - Soil Health

1. Diseased plant material, when decomposed, may affect the natural nutrient cycling processes in the soil. 2. Downy mildew pathogens can alter the microbial balance in the soil, potentially impacting beneficial microorganisms.

3 - Impact on Environment

1. Pathogens can spread rapidly, either through wind, water, or human activities, affecting nearby plants and potentially leading to broader disease outbreaks.

Solutions

1 - Cultural Control

• Choose resistant cultivars when available to prevent downy mildew. • Purchase seeds from reputable nurseries to avoid infected plants. • Prune plants to enhance air circulation and reduce moisture on leaves. • Adequately space row crops to ensure proper airflow even as they mature. • Avoid overhead irrigation that wet leaves and opt for drip irrigation to water plants at ground level. • Apply a 3-inch layer of mulch around plants to prevent soil splashing and maintain moisture balance. • Clean up and discard plant debris, leaves, and infected material to eliminate overwintering sites for downy mildew spores. • Quarantine new plants for 14 days before introducing them to the garden or greenhouse.

2 - Biological Control Agents for Downy Mildew

• Trichoderma spp competes with downy mildew and produces antifungal compounds. While Bacillus subtilis colonizes plant surfaces and produces antimicrobial compounds. • Neem oil, garlic extract, and cinnamon oil exhibit antifungal properties against downy mildew, providing alternative control methods.

3 - Chemical Control

1. Copper-based Fungicides: Effectively control downy mildew, but repeated use can cause soil copper accumulation. 2. Systemic Fungicides: Absorbed by plants for internal protection against downy mildew. Rotate fungicides with different modes of action to prevent resistance.

Susceptible Species

Mocha Rose Big Leaf Maple

Rose Marie Magnolia

Candied Apple Flowering Crab

Dolgo Apple

Donald Wyman Flowering Crab

Louisa Flowering Crab

Melrose Apple

Red Jewel Flowering Crab

Sentinel Flowering Crab

Snowdrift Flowering Crab

desert rose

swamp milkweed

swamp milkweed

swamp milkweed

swamp milkweed

shrubby evening primrose

rose peashrub

squarrose sedge

rose glory bower

Cumberland rosemary

rose verbena

rose vervain

rock rose

rock rose

rock rose

rock rose

rock rose

Christmas rose

Christmas rose

scarlet rose mallow

Neches River rosemallow

common rose mallow

rose mallow

rose mallow

rose mallow

common rose mallow

common rose mallow

fringed rosemallow

striped rosemallow

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose of Sharon

rose campion

paper-rose

oleander

oleander

common evening primrose

evening primrose

evening primrose

evening primrose

Missouri evening primrose

dwarf evening primrose

evening primrose

evening primrose

evening primrose

white evening primrose

white evening primrose

kerosene bush

rose cactus

tuberose

rosemary mint

rose moss

primrose

Bee's primrose

primrose

primrose

hardy primrose

primrose

primrose

primrose

primrose

rosebay rhododendron

roseshell azalea

hybrid tea rose

shrub rose

hybrid tea rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

hybrid musk rose

banksia rose

banksian rose

miniature rose

hybrid rugosa rose

hybrid wichurana rose

shrub rose

Carolina rose

kordesii rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

climbing polyantha rose

shrub rose

hybrid tea rose

large-flowered climbing rose

hybrid tea rose

large-flowered climbing rose

kordesii rose

large-flowered climbing rose

large-flowered climbing rose

floribunda rose

mini-flora rose

shrub rose

large-flowered climbing rose

shrub rose

floribunda rose

hybrid rugosa rose

hybrid tea rose

rose

shrub rose

floribunda rose

miniature rose

floribunda rose

floribunda rose

hybrid tea rose

floribunda rose

rugosa rose

floribunda rose

hybrid tea rose

hybrid tea rose

floribunda rose

hybrid tea rose

climbing miniature rose

hybrid tea rose

floribunda rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

floribunda rose

Cherokee rose

large-flowered climbing rose

hybrid perpetual rose

hybrid tea rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

hybrid tea rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

hybrid tea rose

large-flowered climbing rose

hybrid tea rose

large-flowered climbing rose

hybrid tea rose

shrub rose

hybrid tea rose

shrub rose

hybrid rugosa rose

hybrid rugosa rose

multiflora rose

seven sisters' rose

China rose

floribunda rose

hybrid moyesii rose

large-flowered climbing rose

shrub rose

damask rose

shrub rose

swamp rose

hybrid tea rose

hybrid tea rose

floribunda rose

grandiflora rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

shrub rose

climbing miniature rose

Portland rose

sweet briar rose

rugosa rose

Japanese rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

mini-flora rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

miniature rose

hybrid rugosa rose

shrub rose

miniature rose

shrub rose

prairie rose

hybrid rugosa rose

climbing tea rose

hybrid tea rose

polyantha rose

hybrid rugosa rose

hybrid multiflora rose

hybrid multiflora rose

hybrid tea rose

grandiflora rose

floribunda rose

floribunda rose

floribunda rose

large-flowered climbing rose

large-flowered climbing rose

kordesii rose

Manchu rose

bourbon rose

shrub rose

landscape shrub rose

rose

rose gentian

Plymouth rose gentian

rose-gold pussy willow

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

creeping rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

rosemary

snowrose

snowrose

snowrose

rose spirea

Cape primrose

Baldhip Rose

Bog Rosemary

Canada Rosebay/ Rhodora

Clustered Wild Rose

Common Wild Rose

Sunset rock rose

hybrid Lenten rose

hardy hibiscus

fairy primrose

primula

Nootka rose

cape primrose

Northern Bog Rosemary

Glaucous-Leaved Bog Rosemary

James Bay Bog Rosemary

Dwarf Contorted Suncup

Little Rose

Rosendahl's Golden-Saxifrage

Pink Rockrose

Desert Rose

Desert Rose

Double Flower Desert Rose Hybrid

Desert Rose

Desert Rose

Desert Rose

Desert Rose

Adenium

Black Desert Rose

Variegated Desert Rose

Yellow Desert Rose

Desert Rose

Tuberose

Red-centred Hibiscus

Bog Rosemary

Smooth-barked apple

Baby Sun Rose

Sea Rosemary

Elephant creeper; Woolly Morning Glory

Coogera

Swamp Milkweed

Rose of the Andes

Rose of Venezuela

Rose of Venezuela

Rose of Venezuela

Panama Flame Tree

Rose cascade

Roselings

Red Shower Tree

Hairy Rockrose

Gum Rockrose

Sageleaf Rockrose

Rockrose

Thailand Rosewood

Black Rosewood

Pink Cloud

Tropical Rose Hydrangea

Wild Rosemary

Rose of Siam

Malay Rose

Malay Rose

Malay Rose

Sturt's Desert Rose

African Rosemallow

Scarlet Hibiscus

Swamp-rose Mallow

Confederate Rose

Hibiscus

Blue Hibiscus

Rose Bud Jasmine

Japanese Jasmine

Jasminum sambac Rosebud

Double Kerria

Primrose Tree

Rose cactus

Pink Rose Cactus

False Primrose

Floating Primrose Willow

Primrose Willow

Swamp Primrose

Thai Rose

Woodrose

Large Woodrose

Yellow Merremia

Beach Evening Primrose

Missouri Evening Primrose

Evening Primrose

Pink Evening Primrose

Rose-colored Lead-wort

Moss rose

Primrose

Stansbury's Cliffrose

Rose Cactus

Rock Rose

Rose Grass

Hong Kong Rose

Rose Myrtle

Panama Rose

Panama Rose

Rose

Lady Banks Rose

Father Hugo Rose

Wild Rose

Panama Rose

Ruddy Rose

Ruddy Rose Pink

Rosemary

Cape Stock-rose

Water Cherry

Rose apple

Wild Rose Apple

Yellow jacaranda

African Bonsai

False Rose Tree

Native Rosemary

Primrose

Rose Mallow/Hardy Hibiscus

Rock Rose

Rosemary

Brazilian Rock Rose

Primrose Jasmine

FAQ

Do shade growing plants need any Sunlight?

Shade growing plants do need sunlight, although they require less than other plants. They need some direct sunlight each morning to help them photosynthesize and grow properly. Also, indirect sunlight throughout the day helps them stay healthy. Shade growing plants will benefit from the sunshine, but if they get too much or too little, then they can suffer the consequences. It's important to pay attention to the needs of your plants so that you can provide them with the proper light for optimal growth.

How often should you water indoor plants?

Indoor plants should be watered when the soil feels dry to a depth of about two inches, usually about once a week. A helpful technique to determine your plants' watering needs is to feel the soil before and after watering to get a sense of how long it takes to dry out. An important note to remember is that some plants require less water than others, and it's best to research the specific needs of your individual plants. Likewise, if your home is very dry, you might need to water more often as the lack of moisture can stress the plants and lead to problems like brown leaves and wilted stems.

Can my monstera plant get root rot?

Yes, a plant can get root rot. Root rot is a fungal disease that can be caused by over-watering, poor soil drainage, or high humidity levels in the air. Signs of root rot include yellowing leaves, wilting and stunted growth, and damaged or browning root systems. Sometimes it is difficult to detect root rot until the plant is removed from the soil, as the problems are mainly below the soil surface. Treating root rot usually involves removing the affected parts of the plant and replanting the unaffected ones.

Can I put my Monstera outside in summer?

No, you should not put your Monstera outside in summer. Monstera plants need warm, humid air to thrive, and direct sunlight can scorch their leaves. Instead, put your Monstera in a bright, sunny spot with indirect light, making sure the sun never directly hits the leaves. During the summer, keep your Monstera's soil damp and mist it occasionally to keep the leaves hydrated. At nighttime, keep the temperature around 16 - 21°C (60 - 70°F). You can definitely take your Monstera outdoors for short periods of time, just make sure to bring it back in if it starts to get too hot.

What happens if my monstera plant gets too cold?

If your monstera plant gets too cold, it will become vulnerable to pests, disease, or other damage. Cold temperatures can damage the leaves of the plant, causing them to become spotted or limp. The roots of monstera plants may also suffer in cold temperatures, leading to root rot or other diseases. Belonging to the tropical family, monsteras are used to warm environments and do not do well in cold temperatures, so it is important to ensure your plant is kept in conditions that suit their needs.

Is it possible to grow a vegetable garden in a small space?

Yes, it is possible to grow a vegetable garden in a small space. Gardening in a small space can be as simple as growing a few containerized plants in pots and raised beds, or as elaborate as vertically stacking planters, hanging pouches, and hanging baskets on a wall, railing, or fence. Regardless of the size of the space you are working with, some simple techniques such as companion planting, organic fertilizers, and water conservation can help you get the most out of your small vegetable garden.

Is peppermint herb green good for digestion?

Peppermint herb is indeed beneficial for digestion. The flavonoids in the herb support digestion by reducing inflammation in the digestive track, aiding in digestion and relieving indigestion, heartburn, and even the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Additionally, peppermint is naturally rich in menthol, which helps to relax the muscles of the stomach, aiding in the digestion of food. Peppermint herb can be consumed in a variety of forms, such as teas, tinctures and capsules, as well as by adding the herb to food or directly to water or tea.

Should peppermint herb green be consumed daily?

No, peppermint herb green should not be consumed daily. This is because it contains high levels of menthol, which can be toxic if taken in large doses. Additionally, consuming large amounts of peppermint herb green could interfere with the absorption of essential minerals and vitamins, potentially causing vitamin deficiencies. For these reasons, it is best to consult with a doctor before incorporating peppermint herb green into your daily diet.