Crown gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Also Known As - Bacterial gallWhat is crown gall (agrobacterium tumefaciens)?
Crown gall is a plant disease caused by the soil-inhibiting bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It is distributed worldwide and affects a wide range of plants, including fruit trees (e.g., apple, pear), nut trees (e.g., almond, walnut), ornamental plants (e.g., roses, chrysanthemums), vines (e.g., grapevines), and field crops (e.g., cotton, tomatoes). The disease is identified by the presence of galls, and overgrowths, on roots and at the base of woody plants. These galls can also appear on stems and leaves. Crown gall can lead to stunted growth, reduced yield, and weakened plants.
How does crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) occur?
Crown gall occurs when plants become infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The bacterium enters the plant through wounds or natural openings and transfers its DNA, known as T-DNA, into the plant cells. This DNA becomes integrated into the plant's genetic material, causing the cells to divide uncontrollably and resulting in the formation of galls. The infection can spread within the plant and to other plants through various means such as soil, water, or infected plant parts.
Symptoms
1 - Plant health
• Crown gall can weaken infected plants, leading to stunted growth, reduced yields, and even plant death in severe cases. • Crown gall can result in significant economic losses in agricultural systems, affecting crop productivity and marketability.
2 - Soil contamination
The bacterium can persist in the soil for several years, especially when infected plant material or root exudates are present. This increases the risk of future infections in susceptible plants.
3 - Environmental implications
The presence of disease can disrupt natural ecosystems and plant communities, particularly if susceptible plant species are prevalent.
Solutions
1 - Prevention
• Choose disease-resistant plants for cultivation. • Practice good hygiene by sterilizing pruning tools and equipment. • Apply protective wound dressings on plant wounds. • Maintain proper soil drainage and fertility. • Avoid consecutive planting of susceptible crops. • Remove and destroy infected plants. • Utilize biological agents for disease suppression.
2 - Chemical Control and Biocontrol
• Consult with local agricultural extension services for chemical control options. • Chemical control options for crown gall include Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84, copper-based fungicides, and antibiotics like streptomycin or tetracycline. • Biocontrol products like Bacillus subtilis-based products, Trichoderma spp., and Pseudomonas fluorescens-based products can also be used.
Susceptible Species
Mocha Rose Big Leaf Maple
Rose Marie Magnolia
Candied Apple Flowering Crab
Dolgo Apple
Donald Wyman Flowering Crab
Louisa Flowering Crab
Melrose Apple
Red Jewel Flowering Crab
Sentinel Flowering Crab
Snowdrift Flowering Crab
desert rose
sweet almond bush
swamp milkweed
swamp milkweed
swamp milkweed
swamp milkweed
Oregon grape-holly
Oregon grape-holly
Oregon grape-holly
Jepson's Oregon-grape
shrubby evening primrose
rose peashrub
squarrose sedge
grape ivy
rose glory bower
Cumberland rosemary
rose verbena
rose vervain
rock rose
rock rose
rock rose
rock rose
rock rose
Christmas rose
Christmas rose
scarlet rose mallow
Neches River rosemallow
common rose mallow
rose mallow
rose mallow
rose mallow
common rose mallow
common rose mallow
fringed rosemallow
striped rosemallow
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose of Sharon
rose campion
Oregon grape
Oregon grape-holly
grape hyacinth
grape hyacinth
grape hyacinth
grape hyacinth
grape hyacinth
paper-rose
oleander
oleander
common evening primrose
evening primrose
evening primrose
evening primrose
Missouri evening primrose
dwarf evening primrose
evening primrose
evening primrose
evening primrose
white evening primrose
white evening primrose
kerosene bush
rose cactus
tuberose
rosemary mint
rose moss
primrose
Bee's primrose
primrose
primrose
hardy primrose
primrose
primrose
primrose
primrose
almond
dwarf flowering almond
flowering almond
flowering almond
grape hyacinth
Douglas fir
rosebay rhododendron
roseshell azalea
hybrid tea rose
shrub rose
hybrid tea rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
hybrid musk rose
banksia rose
banksian rose
miniature rose
hybrid rugosa rose
hybrid wichurana rose
shrub rose
Carolina rose
kordesii rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
climbing polyantha rose
shrub rose
hybrid tea rose
large-flowered climbing rose
hybrid tea rose
large-flowered climbing rose
kordesii rose
large-flowered climbing rose
large-flowered climbing rose
floribunda rose
mini-flora rose
shrub rose
large-flowered climbing rose
shrub rose
floribunda rose
hybrid rugosa rose
hybrid tea rose
rose
shrub rose
floribunda rose
miniature rose
floribunda rose
floribunda rose
hybrid tea rose
floribunda rose
rugosa rose
floribunda rose
hybrid tea rose
hybrid tea rose
floribunda rose
hybrid tea rose
climbing miniature rose
hybrid tea rose
floribunda rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
floribunda rose
Cherokee rose
large-flowered climbing rose
hybrid perpetual rose
hybrid tea rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
hybrid tea rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
hybrid tea rose
large-flowered climbing rose
hybrid tea rose
large-flowered climbing rose
hybrid tea rose
shrub rose
hybrid tea rose
shrub rose
hybrid rugosa rose
hybrid rugosa rose
multiflora rose
seven sisters' rose
China rose
floribunda rose
hybrid moyesii rose
large-flowered climbing rose
shrub rose
damask rose
shrub rose
swamp rose
hybrid tea rose
hybrid tea rose
floribunda rose
grandiflora rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
shrub rose
climbing miniature rose
Portland rose
sweet briar rose
rugosa rose
Japanese rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
mini-flora rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
miniature rose
hybrid rugosa rose
shrub rose
miniature rose
shrub rose
prairie rose
hybrid rugosa rose
climbing tea rose
hybrid tea rose
polyantha rose
hybrid rugosa rose
hybrid multiflora rose
hybrid multiflora rose
hybrid tea rose
grandiflora rose
floribunda rose
floribunda rose
floribunda rose
large-flowered climbing rose
large-flowered climbing rose
kordesii rose
Manchu rose
bourbon rose
shrub rose
landscape shrub rose
rose
rose gentian
Plymouth rose gentian
rose-gold pussy willow
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
creeping rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
rosemary
snowrose
snowrose
snowrose
rose spirea
Cape primrose
tropical almond
summer grape
summer grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
fox grape
grape
seedless grape
fox grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
grape
common grape
grape
grape
grape
Baldhip Rose
Bog Rosemary
Canada Rosebay/ Rhodora
Clustered Wild Rose
Common Wild Rose
Riverbank Grape
Sunset rock rose
hybrid Lenten rose
hardy hibiscus
Oregon grape
fairy primrose
primula
Nootka rose
cape primrose
Northern Bog Rosemary
Glaucous-Leaved Bog Rosemary
James Bay Bog Rosemary
Douglas Fir Dwarf Mistletoe
Boreal Moonwort
Western Moonwort
Triangle Grape Fern
Lanceleaf Grapefern
Lance Leaved Moonwort
Chamomile Grape Fern
Mountain Moonwort
Little Grape Fern
Dwarf Contorted Suncup
Little Rose
Rosendahl's Golden-Saxifrage
Pink Rockrose
Desert Rose
Desert Rose
Double Flower Desert Rose Hybrid
Desert Rose
Desert Rose
Desert Rose
Desert Rose
Adenium
Black Desert Rose
Variegated Desert Rose
Yellow Desert Rose
Desert Rose
Tuberose
Sweet Almond Bush
Red-centred Hibiscus
False Grape
Bog Rosemary
Smooth-barked apple
Baby Sun Rose
Sea Rosemary
Elephant creeper; Woolly Morning Glory
Coogera
Swamp Milkweed
Rose of the Andes
Rose of Venezuela
Rose of Venezuela
Rose of Venezuela
Panama Flame Tree
Rose cascade
Roselings
Red Shower Tree
Burmese Almondwood
Treebine
Veld grape
Grape Ivy
Arabian Wax Leaf
Possum Grape Vine
Miniature Grape Ivy
Hairy Rockrose
Gum Rockrose
Sageleaf Rockrose
Rockrose
Grapefruit
Grandleaf Seagrape
Red-flowered Sea Grape
Sea grape
African Tree Grape
Tree Grape
Tree Grape
Bastard Cobas
Tree Grape
Thailand Rosewood
Black Rosewood
Pink Cloud
Tropical Rose Hydrangea
Ephedra
Wild Rosemary
Rose of Siam
Malay Rose
Malay Rose
Malay Rose
Sturt's Desert Rose
African Rosemallow
Scarlet Hibiscus
Swamp-rose Mallow
Confederate Rose
Hibiscus
Blue Hibiscus
Bluegrape jasmine
Rose Bud Jasmine
Japanese Jasmine
Jasminum sambac Rosebud
Double Kerria
Primrose Tree
Rose cactus
Pink Rose Cactus
False Primrose
Floating Primrose Willow
Primrose Willow
Swamp Primrose
Mahonia
Thai Rose
Woodrose
Large Woodrose
Yellow Merremia
Beach Evening Primrose
Missouri Evening Primrose
Evening Primrose
Pink Evening Primrose
Grape Leaved Passion Fruit
Rose-colored Lead-wort
Moss rose
Amazon Grape
Primrose
Almond
Wild Almond tree
African Grape
Stansbury's Cliffrose
Rose Cactus
Rock Rose
Rose Grass
Hong Kong Rose
Rose Myrtle
Cape Grape
Panama Rose
Panama Rose
Rose
Lady Banks Rose
Father Hugo Rose
Wild Rose
Panama Rose
Ruddy Rose
Ruddy Rose Pink
Rosemary
Cape Stock-rose
Peon
Water Cherry
Rose apple
Wild Rose Apple
Philippine Almond
Tropical Almond
Madagascar Almond
Yellow jacaranda
African Bonsai
False Rose Tree
Winter Grape
Muscadine Grape
Grapevines
Wine Grape
Native Rosemary
Amazon Tree Grape
Primrose
Rose Mallow/Hardy Hibiscus
Rock Rose
Rosemary
Brazilian Rock Rose
Primrose Jasmine
Oregon Grape Holly
Grapefruit
FAQ
Do shade growing plants need any Sunlight?
Shade growing plants do need sunlight, although they require less than other plants. They need some direct sunlight each morning to help them photosynthesize and grow properly. Also, indirect sunlight throughout the day helps them stay healthy. Shade growing plants will benefit from the sunshine, but if they get too much or too little, then they can suffer the consequences. It's important to pay attention to the needs of your plants so that you can provide them with the proper light for optimal growth.
How often should you water indoor plants?
Indoor plants should be watered when the soil feels dry to a depth of about two inches, usually about once a week. A helpful technique to determine your plants' watering needs is to feel the soil before and after watering to get a sense of how long it takes to dry out. An important note to remember is that some plants require less water than others, and it's best to research the specific needs of your individual plants. Likewise, if your home is very dry, you might need to water more often as the lack of moisture can stress the plants and lead to problems like brown leaves and wilted stems.
Can my monstera plant get root rot?
Yes, a plant can get root rot. Root rot is a fungal disease that can be caused by over-watering, poor soil drainage, or high humidity levels in the air. Signs of root rot include yellowing leaves, wilting and stunted growth, and damaged or browning root systems. Sometimes it is difficult to detect root rot until the plant is removed from the soil, as the problems are mainly below the soil surface. Treating root rot usually involves removing the affected parts of the plant and replanting the unaffected ones.
Can I put my Monstera outside in summer?
No, you should not put your Monstera outside in summer. Monstera plants need warm, humid air to thrive, and direct sunlight can scorch their leaves. Instead, put your Monstera in a bright, sunny spot with indirect light, making sure the sun never directly hits the leaves. During the summer, keep your Monstera's soil damp and mist it occasionally to keep the leaves hydrated. At nighttime, keep the temperature around 16 - 21°C (60 - 70°F). You can definitely take your Monstera outdoors for short periods of time, just make sure to bring it back in if it starts to get too hot.
What happens if my monstera plant gets too cold?
If your monstera plant gets too cold, it will become vulnerable to pests, disease, or other damage. Cold temperatures can damage the leaves of the plant, causing them to become spotted or limp. The roots of monstera plants may also suffer in cold temperatures, leading to root rot or other diseases. Belonging to the tropical family, monsteras are used to warm environments and do not do well in cold temperatures, so it is important to ensure your plant is kept in conditions that suit their needs.
Is it possible to grow a vegetable garden in a small space?
Yes, it is possible to grow a vegetable garden in a small space. Gardening in a small space can be as simple as growing a few containerized plants in pots and raised beds, or as elaborate as vertically stacking planters, hanging pouches, and hanging baskets on a wall, railing, or fence. Regardless of the size of the space you are working with, some simple techniques such as companion planting, organic fertilizers, and water conservation can help you get the most out of your small vegetable garden.
Is peppermint herb green good for digestion?
Peppermint herb is indeed beneficial for digestion. The flavonoids in the herb support digestion by reducing inflammation in the digestive track, aiding in digestion and relieving indigestion, heartburn, and even the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Additionally, peppermint is naturally rich in menthol, which helps to relax the muscles of the stomach, aiding in the digestion of food. Peppermint herb can be consumed in a variety of forms, such as teas, tinctures and capsules, as well as by adding the herb to food or directly to water or tea.
Should peppermint herb green be consumed daily?
No, peppermint herb green should not be consumed daily. This is because it contains high levels of menthol, which can be toxic if taken in large doses. Additionally, consuming large amounts of peppermint herb green could interfere with the absorption of essential minerals and vitamins, potentially causing vitamin deficiencies. For these reasons, it is best to consult with a doctor before incorporating peppermint herb green into your daily diet.
